Daily Mobility Validation

Biases in Spanish Open Mobility Data

Simone Aumann
Helena Gartmeier
Egor Kotov

2026-06-09

Data and Methods


Mobility Data
{spanishoddata}
Census Commuting
{ineapir}
Population Benchmark and Covariates
{ineAtlas}
Bias measurement & adjustment
{debiasR}

Census data

Origin based commuting data only, 1% sample


Origin Municipality Official INE Code Destination Total Commuters (Outflow)
Motril 18140 Unknown 26,180
Torrelavega 39088 Unknown 22,380
Aranjuez 28013 Unknown 27,307
Santa Lucía de Tirajana 35022 Unknown 35,019

Results

Population Coverage Bias

Coverage Bias by Area Population

Daily Flow Coverage Ratio

🏠 home → 💼🎓 work/study + 🛒 frequent + 🎭 infrequent

Daily Flow Coverage Ratio

🏠 home → 💼🎓 work/study

Daily Flow Coverage Ratio

🏠 home → 💼🎓 work/study + 🎭 infrequent

Flow Coverage Ratio by Activity Filters

💼🎓 work/study only

Flow Coverage Ratio by Activity Filters

💼🎓 work/study + 🛒 frequent

Flow Coverage Ratio by Activity Filters

Best match: 💼🎓 work/study + 🎭 infrequent

Standardized User-Count Residuals

debiasR Level-2 marginal validation

Bias Adjustment Performance

Origin-marginal fit only

Origin-Marginal Residuals

Origin-Marginal Residuals

Origin-Marginal Residuals